Robotic surgery has undergone substantial development over recent decades, evolving from systems primarily designed to improve visualization and instrument control into advanced platforms that combine precise motion, three-dimensional visualization, data analysis, sensory feedback, and artificial intelligence technologies. This evolution has expanded the use of robotic surgery across multiple specialties, including colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, urologic, and cardiac surgery.

This paper aims to evaluate the impact of modern robotic surgery on accuracy, surgical performance, and clinical outcomes, while examining its advantages compared with laparoscopic and conventional surgery. It also discusses recent technological developments in robotic systems, with the da Vinci 5 system presented as an example of a modern platform incorporating technologies such as force measurement and surgical data analysis.

The study is based on a review of original studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published in the scientific and medical literature. Evidence indicates that robotic surgery provides important technical advantages, including improved instrument control, greater range of motion, enhanced visualization, and the ability to perform precise movements in confined anatomical spaces. Some studies have also demonstrated clinical benefits in selected procedures, such as lower conversion rates to open surgery or shorter hospital stays. However, robotic surgery does not demonstrate universal superiority over laparoscopy across all procedures, while cost, training, and technical safety remain important challenges.